The Politics of Attraction

By Marv Wheale                                             

Evolutionary biologists claim that romantic inclinations are nature’s way of perpetuating the human species.  But who we choose, in societies where selection is allowed, is said by liberal and conservative-minded people to be based on free choice among the options before us.

What about the social determinants of allurement?

Learned or socialized yearnings within amorous relationships are not seriously explored by society. The chemistry of bonding is perceived as a natural attraction to someone – “the heart wants what the heart wants”. The culture of marriage, family, peers, popular love songs, Hollywood romance cinema, and social media influencers is constantly pushing the narrative.

However, interacting social conditions of attraction and disinterest complicate pure nature and emotion.  These factors are multifaceted and vary according to individual circumstances, including gender, sexual orientation, body shape and size, porn, race, colonialism, class, religion, health, ability/disability, age, geography, nationality, ethnicity…  This is not to say that inner wants and yearnings are unreal, only that external circumstances greatly inform them. 

These features are shaped by patriarchal organized power in an interconnected way.

While a full intersectional analysis is impossible to explore in this brief article, and probably beyond my ability, I would like to at least interpret gender relations as the built meaning society attaches to biological urges, learnt from social movements’ praxis.  

Binary gender differences in social roles, self-expression, clothing styles, makeup, mannerisms, etc, are not inborn programming or simply freely chosen. Our lives are bound up with patriarchal structural forces that take a primary place in defining and governing our minds, hearts, and bodies.  This includes assigning masculinity and femininity to bodies at birth and beyond.  These stereotypes, although not absolute, became learned and accepted over the course of acculturation and domestication (outliers notwithstanding). Patriarchal binary prominence distorted the diversity of authentic inner longings for communion with others with its opposites-attract ideology. The institutions of marriage and porn ritually and physically sanction this state of oppression.

Because of the grooming process of culture and economic systems, the gender division of functions like care work, housekeeping, apparel and employment (with some overlap), was entrenched as normal life, making outright coercion mostly unnecessary, except towards those who were characterized as unacceptable dissidents.  

The gender system demonstrates little to no intrinsic value to LGBTQIA2S+, disabled, elderly, and fat bodies, and they are commonly frowned upon. 

Queer, gender fluid, nonbinary, self-aware straight and nonhuman persons, in many ways, contradict rigid gender categories, even though they are just trying to live comfortably within themselves and in the world, having no intention of challenging gender authoritarianism.  

In cases where the deviants are relatively recognized by mainstream culture, it appoints itself as diversified without admitting the unfair position of minorities, and without scrutinizing the fault lines of the normative gender system.  

That the majority of males and females designated at birth remain uncritical of structurally hetero male supremacist organized gendering because they are politically habituated to it certainly implies it has nothing to do with personal failure. No individual is to blame for their socialization, but with liberatory knowledge comes an obligation for men to take collective action for renewal.

Vegans, too, who have the advantage of knowing how social conditioning created institutionalized speciesism, are prone to gender conformity training as much as nonvegans.

Gender hierarchy tying social roles and fashion to genitals, dressed up as natural differences, is imposed before children are even aware of gender (similarly, racism, class, ableism, speciesism…). Males, unlike females, are trained not to wear dresses, heels and makeup, or play with baby dolls; girls are socialized not to use hand and power tools, are a few obvious examples. 

We need to critically examine compulsory heterosexual and gender binary identity markers rather than simply move over to give space to a minority of nonconformists. Presently, for the most part, we remain stubbornly stuck in gender encasement, consciously or unconsciously loving inequality.  

The more gender conformity indoctrination persists, the more men and women deny it or say it’s a biological imperative, because the truth is too unsettling to face. The fear of violence from men when gender rules are publicly questioned and transgressed is also a deterrent. The result is that systemic masculinized power is maintained in both its malevolent and benevolent forms. 

One wonders if hierarchical social training in what meaning and identity are to humans is harder to recognize and change than so-called human nature. Biosignatures have more plasticity than sociosignatures will permit.  

Adopting a vegan feminist intersectional way of life is the alchemy of Transfiguration. And what a huge leap forward to liberation we could achieve if there were numerous songs, concerts, poetry and movies inspired by vegan feminism everywhere. Gorgeous music and art of inter-person communion through equality would exalt all.  

Take courage and dream big!

As sort of an appendix, here are some other elements entwining gender binary blueprinting to take away: 

  • Inter-racial-class-abilities emotional ties do not in themselves undermine ableism, colonialism, or white and upper-class supremacy as systems of power. These relationships are used by antagonists to narrow structural inequalities to individual mutual respect, treating material institutional barriers as irrelevant, even unseen. We also see this reductionism in male and female relations under male supremacy.
  • Mainstream society is extremely couple and nuclear family-oriented as the place to make meaningful connections—Indigenous tribal societies model group bonding as central to individual fulfillment.
  • Patriarchal capitalism, with its isolating liberal individualism and glorification of private property, keeps gender privatized rather than scrutinized. The economic system shapes our search for intimacy to be overly centered on coupling and children. Moreover, aside from high divorce rates, many couples don’t want to live with their partners, are subject to social pressure to stay, are afraid of male violence to leave, and/or can’t afford it due to economic inequalities.  
  • Overvaluing heterosexual pairing relationships places platonic friendships as second-rate. Few imaginative storylines in films and songs put non-sexualized bonds at the center of the plot.  Heterosexuality almost always receives the spotlight. Plus, living single, whether celibate or not, is undervalued as a joyous way of life. Institutionalized marriage remains a major barrier to uplifting these alternatives.
  • Veganism is sometimes noted in the entertainment industries, but presented as a personal choice, not a social justice duty to end oppression against animals by human animals.  No explanations are given about the correlation between gender and speciesism, or for advocating a non-speciest inclusion of other animals in the definition of family.  The very words, “man”, “woman”, “mankind”, “rational man”, “mother earth”, “meat”, “butcher”, “hunter”, “rancher”, “fisher”, “pet”, were forged in the patriarchal gender binary speciesist paradigm.

Uh Oh… Your Vegan Panel is All White or Male

A few  years ago, I was considering attending Colorado VegFest 2014 until I read the program and changed my mind. Almost every single presenter appeared to be white and male. I wasn’t the only person to notice this. Several concerned activists raised the issue with the program organizers, and were, to my dismay, met with strong resistance. Because we were critical of the program’s male-centrism, we were curiously accused of being sexist ourselves. Moreover, we were told we were ruining activism “for the animals.”

Because these reactions are so common to feminist critique no matter how politely or compassionately that critique is offered, it is worth exploring why these responses are both inappropriate and oppressive.

Gender Inclusivity is Not Sexist

When feminists ask that more women be included in speaking events, it is not an insinuation that men are not capable of having good ideas and should be barred from participation. It is only asking that women be actively included with the understanding that women have been consciously and unconsciously excluded from participating in the public discourse for centuries.

This is not sexism against men because, under patriarchy (a system of male rule), men cannot be victims of sexism. “Reverse sexism” is a trope designed to protect male privilege and deflect criticism, but it lacks empirical support. The institutions of patriarchy are designed to privilege men, therefore, men cannot be the victims of sexism when women challenge this privilege.

Gender Inclusivity is Not Speciesist

Lamenting “the animals” who are presumably hurt by efforts to improve diversity is another distraction technique.  It takes the blame away from those responsible for the problem (almost always persons protecting their privilege) and puts it on those who are drawing attention to the problem (usually marginalized persons). “Won’t somebody please think of the animals!” rhetoric protects structures of inequality.

Emphasizing the urgency of Nonhuman Animal suffering (“RIGHT NOW!”) eliminates the potential for civil discourse and careful thought, both of which are necessary for effective activism. No time to think, animals are suffering! This trope exploits the torture and death of Nonhuman Animals to maintain privilege and inequality.

Failing to Assume Responsibility is Sexist

Most gatekeepers in the Nonhuman Animal rights movement are unwilling to accept responsibility for institutional discrimination. To a point, this is understandable. Very few persons today are explicitly sexist or racist; most engage in implicit or unconscious prejudice and stereotyping. You do not have to identify as sexist to be sexist. In fact, many people who believe themselves to be champions of women are actively engaged in sexist systems.

The majority of us theoretically support egalitarian ideals, which is good news, of course. Yet, this superficial support also makes challenging the many barriers that remain all the more difficult. Marginalized groups today are harmed by institutional discrimination far more than interpersonal prejudices and discriminations. Even if you personally do not feel you are sexist or racist, that does not mean sexism or racism doesn’t exist.

Sexism and racism are both structural, but most interpret these systems as individual. In this case, VegFest panel organizers were confronted with the presence of sexism and racism and interpreted our feminist critique to mean that they themselves (not the institution they represent) were being labeled sexist and racist. They reacted with more individual-level thinking, reversing the contention by insisting that it was we the complainants who were the truly sexist and racist persons. By this schoolyard logic, any acknowledgement of white male privilege is inherently sexist and racist. But acknowledging gender, race, and difference in representation and opportunity is not bigotry. Such a framework invisibilizes the very real systems that insure that this panel and most panels in the Nonhuman Animal rights movement have a race and gender problem.

Solutions of Responsibility

Blaming the complainants is only one tactic. Blaming the disenfranchised is another popular approach.

Ignoring systems invites a deflection to the most vulnerable. Too uncomfortable to consider that their own biases might somehow be responsible for the lack of diversity, organizers lazily insist that it is simply the case that no women or people of color were available or interested. Again, this response inappropriately individualizes a systemic problem. Institutions wield incredible privilege in normalizing agendas and discourse. They also wield incredible privilege in acting as gatekeepers and setting standards and values for their audiences.

Men and whites (and especially a combination of the two) must take responsibility for sexism and racism in the movement. Even if these persons do not feel they are racist or sexist, they nonetheless benefit from these systems and are thus morally obligated to acknowledge and resist them. Allies should, first, contact organizers and express their disappointment with the lack of diversity. They should, second, withhold their services or patronage until diversity is improved.

In a movement that is 80% female, there is no excuse for an all-male or nearly all-male group of speakers, contributors, or leaders. Race is more complicated. The overwhelming whiteness of the activist pool indicates that many people of color–who also care about other animals and practice veganism–rightfully avoid the movement and either abandon activism or create independent collectives. Those who remain are vulnerable to exploitation, over-extended to fulfill diversity quotas and often used as tokens.

Conclusion

I am of the position that most of these events are wastes of precious few resources. I recognize that creating community is essential to retaining vegans, but conferences and fests are not explicitly “for the animals.” The majority of event goers, I suspect, are not uninitiated persons, but rather persons who are already vegan or vegetarian. These events are predominantly sites of fundraising, career advancement, personal entertainment, and celebrity worship. They are not “about the animals” so much as they are about humans.

Diversity disrupts the historical use of conferences as spaces to engage in and enjoy privilege. If these conferences were truly in the business of spreading vegan ideals, they would embrace diversity rather than accuse women and other disenfranchised groups of being discriminatory themselves simply for requesting representation. A movement that belittles and trivializes the marginalization of human groups will be unwelcoming and ineffective for other animals. If the community believes that conferences matter, then they must become relevant and inclusive.

 


Corey Lee WrennDr. Wrenn is the founder of Vegan Feminist Network. She is a Lecturer of Sociology and Director of Gender Studies with a New Jersey liberal arts college, council member with the Animals & Society Section of the American Sociological Association, and an advisory board member with the International Network for Social Studies on Vegetarianism and Veganism with the University of Vienna. She was awarded Exemplary Diversity Scholar 2016 by the University of Michigan’s National Center for Institutional Diversity. She is the author of A Rational Approach to Animal Rights: Extensions in Abolitionist Theory.

whyveganism.com

Three Reasons Why Veganism Needs Diversity

Two girls in hijabs caring for a cat. Reads, "Effective Advocacy Requires Diversity; Cite Women; Celebrate Women; Patriarchy never helped anyone"

Diversity matters in the vegan movement for three reasons.

First, social movement research indicates that a diversity of representatives will be more likely to resonate with a diverse audience, and a diverse audience is needed for social change.

Second, a diversity in leadership provides role models, which attracts and nurtures a diverse activist pool. Social psychological research supports that marginalized people find a sense of agency and belonging when they see people like them doing important work.

Third, a white-centric/male-centric movement relies on the very same hierarchies of power that facilitate speciesism.  As Audre Lorde famously stated, “The master’s tools will never dismantle the master’s house.”

Here is my challenge to you. Try going an entire week without citing, referencing, or promoting a male leader or a male-led project. Replace them with women/of color doing similar work. Highlight diversity instead of spotlighting privilege.

Then, expand your practice. Make it a habit to promote diversity in Nonhuman Animal rights spaces instead of defaulting to the status quo of men, all day, every day. Double-down on your anti-speciesism politics by maintaining an intersectional lens.

 


Corey Lee WrennDr. Wrenn is Lecturer of Sociology and past Director of Gender Studies (2016-2018) with Monmouth University. She received her Ph.D. in Sociology with Colorado State University in 2016. She received her M.S. in Sociology in 2008 and her B.A. in Political Science in 2005, both from Virginia Tech. She was awarded Exemplary Diversity Scholar, 2016 by the University of Michigan’s National Center for Institutional Diversity. She served as council member with the American Sociological Association’s Animals & Society section (2013-2016) and was elected Chair in 2018. She serves as Book Review Editor to Society & Animals and has contributed to the Human-Animal Studies Images and Cinema blogs for the Animals and Society Institute. She has been published in several peer-reviewed academic journals including the Journal of Gender Studies, Feminist Media Studies, Disability & Society, Food, Culture & Society, and Society & Animals. In July 2013, she founded the Vegan Feminist Network, an academic-activist project engaging intersectional social justice praxis. She is the author of A Rational Approach to Animal Rights: Extensions in Abolitionist Theory (Palgrave MacMillan 2016).